12 - 14 April 2002
at the Zoologische Staatssammlung Muenchen
12 April 2002
Arrival and check-in from 4:00 p.m.
Afterwards casual meeting at a nearby restaurant.
13 April 2002
10:00 Beginning
Opening address - Prof. Dr. R. Gerstmeier
- President of the ZSW
Wellcome address - Prof. Dr. G. Haszprunar - Director of the Zoologische Staatssammlung Munich
Wellcome address and introduction - Tsing-min Chao - Director of the Taipei representation office, Munich
Lectures:
Prof. Dr. J. Reichholf (Munich) - Malenesian island biogeography. From Alfred Russel Wallace to Robert H. MacArthur or: What makes Wallace so unique?
12:00 - 14:00 Lunch
K. M. Philipp (München) - Pacific monitor lizards of the Indo-Australian Archipelago - A most sucessfull invasion
Dr. A. Schintlmeister (Dresden) - Zoogeography of Taiwans Notodontidae
15:00 - 15:30 Coffee break
and Poster presentations
W. Mey & W. Speidel (Berlin) - Lepidoptera diversity at low and high altitudes in taiwan and Luzon
short break
16:30 - 17:30 Members’ meeting
and Poster presentations
short break
Prof. Dr. K. Schönitzer
& A. Dubitzky (München) - Entomologische Forschungsreisen nach Taiwan
Poster session:
Special thanks to the Taipeh Representative Office Munich for his kein Support !!!
Opening address -
Prof. Dr. R. Gerstmeier - President of the ZSW
Ladies & Gentlemen, dear friends from Taiwan
I am very delighted to have the pleasure of your company here in Munich.
The Zoological Society Wallacea was founded one and a half years ago, during an
entomologist=s meeting in Kranichfeld, Thuringia. The main focus of the society is to
support the contact between zoologists working on topics related to the Indo-Australian
region, and we see this region in its widest range from South East Asia to New Guinea, of
course including Taiwan, and eastwards to the Solomon Islands and maybe Fiji, Tonga and
even Samoa.
Our good connections to Taiwan were established 6 years ago, when Prof. Schönitzer
met Keh-miin Chen from the press office of the Taiwan Representation Office in
Munich. Mr. Chen is an enthusiastic entomologist and was the main organisator of the
Taiwan exhibition during the Bavarian Entomological Day in March >96. Already in
September >96 the first symposium on ANature conservation in Taiwan@ was held in the
Zoological State Collections here in Munich.
So, the special topic AZoogeographic aspects of Taiwan@ is the natural result of our
continuous contacts and increasing friendship with the representatives of the Taipeh
Representation Office in Munich, who again made a fantastic exhibition possible, here in
the lobby of the ZSM, which I would highly recommend you to look at today.
Last but not least, I have to express my thanks to our friends from Taipeh Representation
Office, Munich, for their kind help and generous financial support for this event - General
Director Jiunn-man Liu, Director Tsing-min Chao, Mr. Liang and all the others,
thank you very much!
Of course I have to thank the staff of the ZSM who helped in the well-established manner.
Ulf Buchsbaum pushed this congress from the beginning and did the main
organisation, thank you Ulf. Marianne Müller was a great help in arranging the
logo of the society and the poster of the congress program.
My special thanks go to the director of the ZSM, Prof. Haszprunar, for the
hospitality to carry out this congress in the rooms of the ZSM - Prof. Haszprunar, thank
you very much.
Ladies & Gentlemen, I wish you a successful congress, informative discussions and many
possibilities of closer acquaintance.
The status of Insect biodiversity and biogeography studies in Taiwan
Abstract
The number of Taiwanese insect taxonomists including graduate students is 65 in the year
2000. It shows a 30% increasing than the number 50 of 1997. There are 17,634 described
species of insect are recorded as distribution in Taiwan. It is about 2.2% of the total
species number of the world (787,393 species). The proportion of insect taxonomists by the
species looks higher than that of other animal taxonomists in Taiwan. However most insect
taxonomists focus only on their own interested groups, leaving many other groups
untouched. If we look at the order category, there are only 14 insect orders have been
studied by Taiwanese taxonomists. The top four popular insect orders in Taiwan are
Homoptera (24%), Diptera (13%), Coleoptera (11%) and Hymenoptera (11%). There are more and
more taxonomists working on Orthoptera and Lepidoptera during the past 5 years. Although
many more young taxonomists joined the taxonomic team, but no sign of increasing in
studying groups. The challenge to taxonomists was focused on identification of the
agricultural insect pests and the natural enemies. It is now shifting to focus on the
insect biodiversity, conservation and some environmental issues. The requirement of
taxonomic man-power is increasing fast and suddenly. It is necessary to build up a
identification service network in Taiwan in order to resolve the shortage of taxonomic
man-power and to proof the quality of the services. A insect identification service
network has been proposed by the author. It is the idea to connect and unite the insect
taxonomist from all over the world to do the insect identification for the applied
researchers. Besides, there are some topics that the insect taxonomists are undergoing
study in Taiwan such as Taiwan Biodiversity Network (TaiBNET), Long Term Ecological
Research (LTER), Taiwan Digital Archieves projects and Quarantine insects identification.
There is an insect taxonomy and biodiversity research team is going to be started to do
supporting research for the national biodiversity program in order to meet the requirement
of Convention on Biological Diversity. There is no much taxonomist study on the insect
biogeography in Taiwan until 5 years ago. The subject concerned about the intermediate
and/ or overlapping effects of the insect fauna in Taiwan is the main theme for the tasks
of geographic study by now.
Malesian Island Biogeography: From Alfred Russel WALLACE to Robert H.MACARTHUR and beyond. What makes WALLACEA so unique?
A. R. Wallace, puzzled by the extraordinary
richness of the Malayan archipelago, tried to delineate the oriental fauna (and flora) in
what is now Indonesia against the Australian. The result was the subsequently several
times modified "Wallace's Line".Though indicating the intergradation of two
different major faunas, "the line" did not solve at all the question why this
region is so rich in species. Roughly a hundred years later, Robert MacArthur, together
with Edward O. Wilson, developed the "Theory of island biogeography" as a
mathematical concept. It includes two main processes, the rate of immigration of species
onto an island, and the rate of extinction; both processes balancing over time to a
dynamic equilibrium of species richness. Two factors are of major importance in this
proces, the one being the size of the island, the other the distance from a mainland (as a
source of species). The famous and widely applied formula gives the process on the power
equation: S = C Az.
S is the (final) number of species, A the area (size) of the island, C the species
group specific factor (giving the average number of species of the taxon considered per
unit of area; conveniently per square kilometre) and the exponent z represents the
increase of species with area in a double logarithmic scale (i.e. the continental-insular
distributional exponent). MacArthur's species-area-relationship proved to be very useful
in the now emerging field of quantitative and predictive biogeography, especially with
respect to species losses due to habitat fragmentation and with respect to questions of
how big natur reserves should be to enable the survival of most of the species present,
finding critical size dimensions and so on. But applied to the richness of what we now
call WALLACEA the species-area-relationship only partly can explain the extraordinary
richness, which in fact equals at least that of Amazonia but very likely surpasses it (as
it is shown on the charts in the lecture). Going back to A.R.Wallace, the modern look onto
the problem of how two major faunas intermingle where they meet in South-east Asia, the
recent findings in geology and earth history, especially plate tectonics, provide a better
tool for understanding the richness of Wallacea. Because is has not only been the
collision of two continental plates, but also the extensive changes of sea levels during
the Pleistocene, which gave rise to a series of unification and isolation events. These
should have acted as a species pump in just the same way as it has been the case in
Amazonia, but in right the inverse way: During the glaciations sea levels fell to less
than 100 metres or so below the present level, which united much of the South-east Asian
islands to the mainlands, but in Amazonia the massive reduction in rain fall isolated the
tropical forest into an archipelago of island-like forest remnants. In the subsequent
interglacials, the rainy & warm periods, sea levels rised again and brought the
Malesian region backt into the state of the most extensive area of islands of all sizes
whereas Amazonia became a huge closed forest 2.5 times the size of present day Indonesia.
This mechanism of a quite dynamical earth during the last few million years created in
fact a much higher species density than predictable according to mere immigration &
extinction processes according to the MacArthur-formula.
Nevertheless some other puzzling facts remain, and they do not fit neither into the
geological process of island formation nor into MacArthurs model. There are several
instances of taxa which have their neares relatives in Central and South America (e.g.the
poisonous pit vipers, the China Alligator, several palm genera and so on). The author's
interpretation of these puzzling biogeograpic facts is based on the conditions of the
trans-pacific ocean currents during the Tertiary, when North and South America had not
been united by the Central American land bridge. This state lasted for about 50 Million
years and should have made the equatorial current much stronger than after the closing of
the opening between South and North America. Many taxa may have come across the Pacific
driven by the very strong and fast flowing current - and became established as parts of
flora and fauna not only in South-east Asia but as far reaching as Madagaskar and other
marginal parts of the Indian ocean. It is this third component which fills the gaps in
explaining the high diversity of Wallacea, which in fact is the most diverse region in the
world. Otherwise recent developments in human land use forms, expecially the cutting of
tropical forests in which Indonesia is second only to Brazil, highly endanger the biotic
richness oth this region. Indonesia is top ranking in the number of endangered species
worldwide. But it is the example of Taiwan, which gives hope and which can be used as a
model for the integration of modern development and conservation of natural resources and
diversity. Despite being very densly populated (23 million people on a mere 36 000 square
kilometres of size), the degree of endandered species is very low. A special look onto
Taiwan, therefore, can reveal the options for preserving Wallacea's extraordinary wealth
in natural diversity.
zurück
Pacific
monitor lizards of the Indo-Australian Archipelago - A most successful invasion
K. M. Philipp
Zoologische Staatssammlung Muenchen, Sektion Herpetologie, Muenchhausenstr.
21, 81247 Munich.
Abstract
The pacific monitor lizards (Varanus indicus group) are a group of closely related
big-growing monitor lizards. The species group ranges from Sulawesi in the west to the
Solomon Islands in the east and from Australia in the south to Micronesia in the north.
Until now nine species are recognized: V. caerulivirens, V. cerambonensis,
V. doreanus, V. finschi, V. indicus, V. jobiensis, V.
melinus, V. spinulosus and V. yuwonoi. Many of the listed species have
been discovered and described just recently. It seems that many of them have very limited
distribution areas. Therefore the knowledge on their ecology is still very limited. A
tenth species from the Solomon Islands will be published soon (Böhme et al. in press).
All ten species are introduced with special regards on their diagnostic characters and
distribution pattern.
Field observations on the niche segregation of the three New Guinean species V.
doreanus, V. indicus and V. jobiensis are presented. V. indicus
is the least specialized and shows a high ecological plasticity. As an euryoecious reptile
species it inhabits numerous different vegetation types (e.g. beach woodland, littoral
forest, mangrove forest, mixed alluvium forest and mixed hill forest). Most frequently V.
indicus is found in vegetation types that are influenced by saltwater. Contrary V.
doreanus and V. jobiensis seems to avoid all saltwater influenced forest types.
These species prefer mixed alluvium forest and mixed hill forest. Stomach content analyses
of museum vouchers reflect such a special niche segregation of the New Guinean species.
Furthermore these stomach content analyses give some first impression of the life habits
of the remaining species of the Pacific monitor lizard group, as no field observations are
published and their ecological requirements are almost unknown.
Further information can be found in the following papers and the literature quoted
there within:
Böhme, W. and T. Ziegler. 1997. Varanus melinus sp. n., ein neuer Waran aus
der V. indicus-Gruppe von den Molukken,
Indonesien. – herpetofauna, 19(111): 26-34.
Böhme, W., K. M. Philipp and T. Ziegler. 2002. Another new member of the V.
(Euprepiosaurus) indicus group (Sauria, Varanidae):
an undescribed species from Rennell Island, Solomon Islands. - Salamandra, in
press.
Philipp, K. M. 1999. Niche partitioning of Varanus doreanus, V. indicus
and V. jobiensis in Irian Jaya: preliminary results. In: Horn,
H. G. and W. Böhme (eds.): Advances in monitor research II. Mertensiella 11: 307-316.
Philipp, K. M., W. Böhme and T. Ziegler. 1999. The identity of Varanus indicus:
redefinition and description of a sibling species
coexisting at the type locality (Sauria: Varanidae, Varanus indicus group). Spixiana
22 (3): 273-287.
Ziegler, T., Böhme, W. and K. M. Philipp. 1999. Varanus caerulivirens sp.
n., a new monitor lizard of the V. indicus group from
Halmahera, Moluccas, Indonesia (Squamata: Sauria: Varanidae). Herpetozoa 12 (1/2):
45-56.
The Zoogeography of Taiwan’s Notodontidae
Alexander Schintlmeister
Calberlastr. 3, D-01326 Dresden, e-mail:schintlm@aol.com
Abstract
The Exploration of Taiwan’s Notodontidae started practically 1910, when Wileman
published his first article dealing with Taiwanese Heterocera, including a dozen
Notodontidae. Later more the Notodontidae from Taiwan become better known, mainly recorded
by British (Wileman, South), German (Strand) and Japanese (Kishida, Matsumura, Nakamura,
Okano, Sugi) authors. Recently Schintlmeister (1992; Schintlmeister & Fang, 2001)
dealt with China Notodontidae. Actually also Taiwanese scientists (Chang, Lin and Shen)
made important contributions on Taiwan’s Notodontidae.
From 1995 until today, particularly by Hungarians Expeditions (T. Csõvári, Csorba, Gy. Fàbián, Herczig, M. Hreblay (‡), Juhasz, S.T. Kovács, A. Kun, Gy. M. László, L. Mikus, L.
Nèmeth, L. Peregovits, & G. Ronkay, L. Ronkay, S. Simonyi,
Often the centres are split into subcenters. The Pacific centre
contains the Sinopacific subcenter (refugee is situated in SE mainland China) and the
Taiwanese subcenter. All (really) endemic species of Taiwan should belong to the
Pacific-Taiwanese Faunal elements. Remarkable is the very high number of endemic Biretinae
(bamboo feeding prominent moths). Characteristic examples of Taiwanese endemics are Torigea
formosana Nakamura, 1973, Paracerura subrosea (Matsumura, 1927) and Notodonta
griseotincta Wileman, 1910. Sinopacific Faunal Elements are Tarsolepis taiwana Wileman,
1910, Periergos magna (Matsumura, 1920) and Betashachia angustipennis
angustipennis Matsumura, 1925. The Pacific Faunal Elements extends in some cases their
area until Yunnan, but mostly they are restricted to SE China.
Besides the Pacific Elements the Oriental Faunal Elements of expansive type are important
for the Taiwanese fauna: Neopheosia fasciata, (Moore, 1888), Chadisra bipars
(Walker, 1862), Phalera combusta (Walker, 1855). This means mainly expansive
Sundanian Faunal elements of many subcenters. However the influence of the geographic
nearby situated Philippine subcenter seems to be unimportant, compared with the Sumatran
subcenter.
The Mandshurian Elements (the majority of the Taiwan species probably immigrated from
Japan) lives in Taiwan often the higher altitudes, e.g. Syntypistis pryeri (Leech,
1889), Uropyia meticulodina (Oberthür, 1884), Lophocosma sarantuja
Schintlmeister & Kinoshita, 1984, Hupodonta lignea Matsumura, 1920.
The Siamic Faunal Element, introduced by Schintlmeister (2001), groups species originated
in Indochina (particularly N.Vietnam). Only a few species reached Taiwan: Paracerura
priapus (Schintlmeister, 1997), Pseudosomera noctuiformis Bender &
Steiniger, 1984, Hiradonta angustipennis Nakatomi & Kishida, 1984
The Himalayan Faunal Elements are differing in its area-type from the Siamic Elements (the
area includes the Himalaya). They are also a minority in Taiwan, e.g. Megashachia
fulgurifera (Walker, 1858) Acmeshachia gigantea (Elwes, 1890), Somera
viridifusca Walker, 1855 (which is Polytypic), Cleapa latifascia Walker, 1855.
Besides the zoogeographic analysis there seems to be in some cases in Taiwan a
concentration of many nearly related species.
The Genus Paracerura Schintlmeister 2002 contains in the oriental region 13 nearly
related species in 3 groups. Everywhere From India to Australia only 2 species are
occurring sympatric. In Taiwan there are 3 species of all groups sympatrically.
In the genus large genus Besaia Walker, 1865 in Taiwan there is a group of 4
similar and endemic species (sordida Wileman, 1914, inconspicua Wileman,
1914, nebulosa Wileman, 1914 and a hitherto undescribed species), which have
outside of Taiwan no near relatives.
These two examples give us a view on the island of Taiwan as a refugee and "hot
spot" of evolution.
Phylogenetic
relationships and biogeography of Aglaopini Alberti, 1954 (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea,
Zygaenidae sensu lato)
Shen-Horn Yen
Department of Biological Science, Imperial College
at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
mail: shenhornyen@hotmail.com
; s.yen@ic.ac.uk
Abstract.
The chalcosiine tribe Aglaopini Alberti, 1954 was previously based only on Aglaope Latreille,
1809, a genus containing two similar species confined to S.W. Europe and N. Africa.
Although Aglaope bears several apomorphies, which was thought to be a distinct
lineage from all the other genera, however, the phylogenetic relationships and validity of
this tribe have become very questionable since Formozygaena Inoue, 1987 from Taiwan
was included. According to my present cladistic analysis of the generic level phylogeny
for the whole of the Chalcosiinae sensu lato, a hypothetical relationship of (Atelesia+(Aglaope+(Philopator+Formozygaena)))
is reconstructed, and this clade may represent a terminal rather than a basal one. Since Atelesia
is endemic to New Guinea, Philopator and the Agalope genus complex range
throughout the Himalayas, S.W. China and Indochina Peninsula, the proposal of an earlier
vicariance of Aglaope from all the other genera is rejected. The phylogeny favors a
new hypothesis that Aglaope have been dispersed from the Himalayas to the W.
Palaearctic region with a speculated extinction between these two areas. Finally,
Aglaopini (viz. Aglaope and Formozygaena) is not accepted as a valid tribe
because it may cause Agalopini paraphyletic. The apomorphies of Aglaope are
suspected to reflect its isolated distribution and completely different habitat from all
of its other Asian relatives.
Lepidoptera
diversity at low and high altitudes in Taiwan and Luzon
W. Mey & W. Speidel
Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt Universität Berlin,
Invalidenstr. 43, D - 10115 Berlin, Germany
Abstract
Two localities were selected in central Taiwan, the first one (Huei-sun) is situated in
about 500 m above sea-level, the second (Mei-feng) in about 2000 m. The collecting sites
in northern Luzon are situated in the Central Cordillera, Benguet Province at adequate
altitudes. The Lepidoptera were collected by light. We have studied all taxa
(Microlepidoptera, Pyraloidea, Heterocera) except Rhopalocera. The collected specimens
were counted and identified to family. The morphospecies concept was used to determine the
species numbers. The two localities of both islands are compared at the species and family
level. We found a considerable congruence between the fauna of Taiwan and that of mainland
China especially in the families Noctuidae and Crambidae, Acentropinae in both altitudes.
However, it is problematic in many families to separate Palearctic and Oriental elements
in Taiwan, though it can be easily seen that the fauna of the high mountains of Taiwan has
a distinctive Palearctic aspect. The composition of the Lepidoptera communities in the
Philippines is rather distinct from the localities in Taiwan. The number of species common
to both islands is extremely low and doesn not exceed 0,5 %. The altitudinal differences
are less pronounced and the diversity at the family level is lower. This will be
demonstrated by a quantitative analysis.
Entomological reasearch visits to Taiwan
Abstract
We reported on the scientific cooperation between the Zoologische Staatssammlung München,
Germany and the entomological department of the National Chung Hsiung University of
Taichung, Taiwan. In the course of this cooperation, which was supported by the DAAD and
NSF (PPP-Project D/0039914), two groups of German entomologists visited Taiwan to collect
insects. In the year 2000 Mr. Wolfgang Schacht, Mr. A. Dubitzky and Mrs. S. Szczepanek
made a trip to Taiwan, and in 2001 Dr. K. Schönitzer, Mr. Buchsbaum and Mr. Schacht
collected insects there. Some Taiwanese scientists, on the other hand, visited Germany in
2001 and 2002. This cooperation was initiated by the helpful initiative of Mr. Keh-Miin
Chen (Government Information Office, Taipei). The scientific head of the Taiwanese
partners is Prof. Jeng-Tze Yang from Taichung . The Taiwanese partners enabled us to
travel in Taiwan and use the excellent Taiwanese infrastructure to collect in different
sites. We want to express our deep gratitude to the friends and colleagues for excellent
organisation of our trips and their great hospitality. The partners agree that one third
of the material as well as all holotypes are to be deposited in Taiwan after scientific
exploration and identification.
In the lecture we introduced to the beautiful nature of Taiwan, especially the
magnificent life of insects and showed some aspects of daily life and of the Chinese
culture. Of special interest is the high standard of the Universities we visited in Taiwan
with their field stations in different sites of ecological value.
Poster session
Plant Galls in TaiwanAbstract
Based on the inventory during 1994?2000, 255 kinds of
insect-induced galls induced on 150 plant species have been recorded in Taiwan. The
Cecidomyiidae of Diptera is the dominant gall maker. 97% insect galls were found in
angiosperm, in which Lauraceae ranked as the highest one followed by Fagaceae. 57% insect
galls were on the leaf and 29% on the stem. Among
the 200 forms of insect galls collected in Taiwan, the gall makers of 130 types were
recognized. They belong to 5 orders and 10 family groups.
Preliminary report on Tetrigidae (Orthoptera:
Tetrigoidea) from Taiwan
Ming-Yu Tsai and Jeng-Tze Yang
Department of Entomology, 250 Kuokuang Rd.,
National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan, R. O. C.
Abstract
Taiwan is located on north of the western Pacific ocean in geography and set in the
Oriental region in biogeography. Tetrigoidea includes 2 families, Tetrigidae and
Batrachididae. There is no single species of Batrachididae in Taiwan as far as we know.
There were 16 genera and 36 species of Tetrigidae were recorded as distribution in Taiwan.
They belong to 4 subfamilies, Cladonotinae, Scelimeninae, Metrodorinae, and Tetriginae. In
this study totally 249 localities in Taiwan and its adjacent offshore islands were
surveyed during 3 years. After this study, there are 18 genera and 38 species, in which 2
genera and 2 undetermined species, Alulatettix sp. and Thoradonta sp. are
newly records to Taiwan. In this work, the key to Taiwanese genera in each subfamily was
provided. The illustrations of some species representative to the subfamilies were also
presented.
Keywords: Orthoptera, Tetrigidae, fauna, key, Taiwan
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